Enhanced Knowledge in Sciences and Technology

About the Periodical

The Periodical of Enhanced Knowledge in Sciences and Technology (EKST) is an open access, peer-reviewed, refereed and international articles published by the Faculty of Applied Sciences and Technology (FAST), Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (UTHM). EKST will provide an intellectual platform to a multitude of topics ranging from the sciences to technology. It will publish twice a year (April-June and October-December).

The scope of topics will cover Mathematics, Statistics, Physic, Biology, Biodiversity, Chemistry and Food Technology.

EKST aims to publish empirical research such as survey or questionnaire, experiment, case study, observation, analytical and simulation models.

Current Issue

Vol. 6 No. 1 (2026): EKST

Published: 09-07-2026

Mathematics

Numerical Study of Eigenvalue Problem Using Iterative Methods

Fatin Nur Azrin Ayob, Fazlina Aman

50-57
- PDF 6
- Abstract View 6
Shooting Method to Solve Nonlinear Boundary Value Problem in Heat Transfer

Norzidah Mad Ainal, Fazlina Aman

58-66
- PDF 8
- Abstract View 5
A Comparative Analysis of Monte Carlo Integrations and Numerical Quadrature for Multi-Dimensional Functions

Nurfarhana Izzati Norul Annuar, Fazlina Aman

67-74
- PDF 7
- Abstract View 4
Solving Elliptic Boundary Value Problems using Finite Difference Method in Steady-State Heat Conduction

Nurul Amira Adzazzuddin, Fazlina Aman

75-81
- PDF 7
- Abstract View 4
Comparative Efficiency Analysis of the SIR and SEIR Models Using Numerical Method During Covid-19 Pandemic

Kerk Chi Kang, Mahathir Mohamad

82-92
- PDF 2
- Abstract View 9
Comparison of Fourth-Order Runge-Kutta and Second-Order Taylor Series Method for Solving Influenza Cases

Mohammad Zhulqarnaim Hamizan, Mahathir Mohamad

93-102
- PDF 8
- Abstract View 6
Numerical Simulation of Magnetized Blood Flow in Cylindrical Vessel via Caputo-Fabrizio Time-Fractional Derivative

Muhamad Taufik Abd Aziz, Mahathir Mohamad

103-111
- PDF 4
- Abstract View 9
Optimization of Fixed Deposit Rules Using the Bisection Method

Nur Azalia A Zarudin, Mahathir Mohamad

112-117
- PDF 1
- Abstract View 5
Shortest Route for Electric Vehicle Routing Problem Using Branch and Cut Algorithm

Muhammad Haris Ikhwan Rostam, Muhamad Ghazali Kamardan

118-124
- PDF 0
- Abstract View 6
Analysis of Dijkstra’s and A* Algorithms for the Shortest Route Problem

Muhammad Syafiq Azri Muhamad Azhar , Muhamad Ghazali Kamardan

125-131
- PDF 9
- Abstract View 5
Travelling Saleman Problem via Ant Colony Optimization – An Application Toward Kedah Tourism

Nur Ain Husna Azhar, Muhamad Ghazali Kamardan

132-141
- PDF 3
- Abstract View 5
Optimizing the Shortest Route Problem in Pagoh Using Ant Colony Optimization Algorithm

Nur Nadhirah Mohd Ripi, Muhamad Ghazali Kamardan

142-149
- PDF 3
- Abstract View 4
University Student Enrolment Prediction in Malaysia with State Space Model

Fatin Illyana Mohd Zulhazmy, Kek Sie Long

150-159
- PDF 4
- Abstract View 5
Prediction of Rice Production in Malaysia Using State Space Model

Hanani Farinah Honorius, Kek Sie Long

160-168
- PDF 2
- Abstract View 5
Prediction of Insurance Claim Payouts in Malaysia with State Space Modelling

Lee Heng Yuan, Kek Sie Long

169-177
- PDF 3
- Abstract View 6
Sales Prediction for Fashion Retailer Based on State Space Model

Muhammad Nadzrin Hassan, Kek Sie Long

178-184
- PDF 1
- Abstract View 2
Analysing Customer Waiting Time Using Queuing Models

Hafizuddin Saari, Norzuria Ibrahim

185-191
- PDF 4
- Abstract View 9
Analysing Queuing Systems in Convenience Store Using Queuing Models

Muhammad Haziq Nazmi Badrulzaman, Norzuria Ibrahim

192-198
- PDF 4
- Abstract View 5
Post-Mortem Interval Estimation Using Newton’s Law of Cooling and the Henssge Model

Nur Aina Umira Norahim, Norzuria Ibrahim

199-207
- PDF 8
- Abstract View 7
Solving Tumor Growth Dynamic Using Runge-Kutta and Backward Euler Method

Nur Azmina Mohd Suhaimi, Norzuria Ibrahim

208-214
- PDF 2
- Abstract View 4
Comparative Numerical Analysis of Newton and Modified Newton’s Law of Cooling

Nurul Nazirah Zulkifli, Norzuria Ibrahim

215-223
- PDF 5
- Abstract View 6
Dormand-Prince Method for Solving SIR Model for Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease in Sarawak

Aideena Umairah Musa, Azila Md Sudin

224-234
- PDF 1
- Abstract View 6
A Constructive Heuristic Continuous Approach for Solving Uncapacitated Location-Allocation Problem With Zone-Dependent Fixed Cost

Nuralya Natashah Zaabar, Azila Md Sudin

235-244
- PDF 4
- Abstract View 5
Integer Programming for Solving Hospital Hypertension Patient Menu Planning

Nurul Ain Muhammad, Azila Md Sudin

245-255
- PDF 3
- Abstract View 3
Menu Planning for Diabetic Patients in Malaysia Using Integer Programming

Wan Nur Aleeya Natasha Wan Shuhaimi, Azila Md Sudin

256-263
- PDF 4
- Abstract View 3
Factors Affecting Housing Prices in Malaysia Using Regression and Correlation Analysis

Kyau Chin Wen, Cik Sri Mazzura Muhammad Basri

264-272
- PDF 0
- Abstract View 5
Analytical Study of the Correlation between Consumer Price Index and Inflation in Malaysia

Nur Aziera Izzaty Mazlan, Cik Sri Mazzura Muhammad Basri

273-280
- PDF 3
- Abstract View 7
Modelling Vitamin D Concentration Dynamics in the Human Body Using Partial Differential Equation

Nurul Haziqah Din, Cik Sri Mazzura Muhammad Basri

281-289
- PDF 1
- Abstract View 6
Validation of SAWI Transformation for Nonlinear Differential Equations Using Fourth‑Order Runge‑Kutta

Ahmad Naeem Siddiqi Ibrahim, Noor Azliza Abd Latif, Norziha Che Him

290-298
- PDF 4
- Abstract View 4
Solving System of Ordinary Differential Equation Using SAWI Transformation

Muhammad Adib Adenan, Noor Azliza Abd Latif, Norziha Che Him

299-309
- PDF 6
- Abstract View 3
Solving the Linear Arms Race Model Using SAWI Transformation

Nur Najwa Liyana Taufan, Noor Azliza Abd Latif, Norziha Che Him

310-316
- PDF 4
- Abstract View 4
Solving Two Species Lotka-Volterra Biological Model Using Sawi Transformation

Nur Zawani Jamaludin, Noor Azliza Abd Latif, Norziha Che Him

317-323
- PDF 10
- Abstract View 7
Graph Colouring Technique for Timetable Scheduling in UTHM

Arina Hanim Yahya, Wan Nor Munirah Ariffin

324-332
- PDF 9
- Abstract View 6

Statistics

Minimizing Transportation Cost in Supply Chain Logistics Problem Using Optimization Techniques

Goh Hui Yee, Wan Nor Munirah Ariffin

333-343
- PDF 2
- Abstract View 6
Forecasting Youth Unemployment in Malaysia for Ages 15 to 30 Using ARIMA and Prophet Models

Badrul Rahimi Badrul Hisham, Kamil Khalid

344-352
- PDF 4
- Abstract View 4
Student Satisfaction with University Facilities Using Cross Tabulation Analysis, Correspondence Analysis and Analytic Hierarchy Process

Muhammad Aiman Abdul Aziz, Norziha Che Him, Noor Azliza Abd Latif, Yusliandy Yusof

353-362
- PDF 2
- Abstract View 8
Factors Affecting Mold Growth in Homemade Bread Using Factorial Design

Chan Boon Hui, Norhaidah Mohd Asrah

363-373
- PDF 1
- Abstract View 5
Comparing Multiple Linear and Robust Regression Models in Assessing Economic Indicators’ Impact on GDP

Tan Shun Hong, Azme Khamis

374-384
- PDF 5
- Abstract View 7
Sentiment and Text Analysis of Airbnb Reviews to Understand Traveller Preferences in Tokyo and Singapore

Ang Zhan Xiang, Khuneswari P Gopal Pillay

385-396
- PDF 214
- Abstract View 6
Detection of Money Laundering Activities using Supervised Learning Techniques

Christine Yap En Xi, Rohayu Mohd Salleh

397-408
- PDF 3
- Abstract View 5
Satisfaction Index Regarding Financial Study Loans Among Students in UTHM Pagoh

Nik Azlin Nik Aziz, Suliadi Firdaus Sufahani

409-417
- PDF 2
- Abstract View 8
Statistical Modelling of Child Abuse Incidence in Malaysia: A Count Data Regression Approach (2016-2021)

Nurul Aina Baherunzaman, Siti Noor Asyikin Mohd Razali

418-425
- PDF 5
- Abstract View 3
Time Series Modelling of Daily Blood Donations in Malaysia

Nur Sakinah Azlin, Maria Elena Nor

426-436
- PDF 4
- Abstract View 10
Forecasting Daily Ridership for KTMB Services in Malaysia By Using Time Series Analysis

Nuraqilah Layanah A.Lotfi, Kamil Khalid

437-445
- PDF 2
- Abstract View 11
Predicting Residential Housing Rent Prices Using Machine Learning and Statistical Modelling Approaches

Nur Suhaila Bdrul Hisham, Azme Khamis

446-455
- PDF 9
- Abstract View 10
Analysis of Taste Preferences Influenced by Environmental Factors using Multinomial Logistics Regression

Muhammad Ihsan Hafizar , Norziha Che Him, Noor Azliza Abd Latif, Yusliandy Yusof

456-466
- PDF 8
- Abstract View 4
Forecasting of Rainfall in Kota Bharu Station Using Holt-Winters, SARIMA and Time Series Regression Model

Nur Ayu Nabila Rahim, Maria Elena Nor

467-477
- PDF 6
- Abstract View 9
Assessing the Impact of Age on Foot Morphology and Feature Prioritisation using PERMANOVA and AHP Analysis

Nazatul Aina Nasuha Nazarudin, Norziha Che Him , Noor Azliza Abd Latif, Yusliandy Yusof

478-490
- PDF 1
- Abstract View 5
Comparative Study of Graph Colouring and Simulated Annealing for Examination Timetabling at UTHM Pagoh

Chang Chu Yun, Wan Nor Munirah Ariffin

491-500
- PDF 3
- Abstract View 7
Tourist Route Optimisation in Melaka and Penang Using Nearest Neighbour and GRASP Algorithms

Yung Qing Xiu, Wan Nor Munirah Ariffin

501-511
- PDF 9
- Abstract View 5
Analysis of Social Anxiety Factors using Ordinal Logistic Regression in Australia 2019-2022

Lee Kar Wen, Norziha Che Him, Noor Azliza Abd Latif, Yusliandy Yusof

512-522
- PDF 5
- Abstract View 8
Identifying Factors Affecting the Number of Singapore Tourists’ Arrivals to Malaysia using Regression Analysis

Nur Farah Aliyah Mohd Fadzil, Rohayu Mohd Salleh

523-532
- PDF 11
- Abstract View 9
Assessing Awareness and Opinions on Anti-Corruption and Integrity Education in Malaysian Secondary School

Muhammad Hazim Mohd Badri, Siti Noor Asyikin Mohd Razali

533-542
- PDF 3
- Abstract View 5
Satisfaction Index and Prioritizing the Factor of Students’ Satisfaction Towards UTHM Hostel in Pagoh

Woon Yee Ying, Suliadi Firdaus Sufahani

543-553
- PDF 6
- Abstract View 8
Analysing Electricity Consumption in Malaysia via Linear Programming, Time Series Analysis and Clustering Analysis

Tey Sin Ying, Wan Nor Munirah Ariffin

554-565
- PDF 3
- Abstract View 7
Forecasting Natural Gas Prices in Malaysia Using Double Exponential Smoothing, Arima and XGBoost Models

Kang Yuan Chin, Kamil Khalid

566-571
- PDF 5
- Abstract View 4
Forecasting Electricity Consumption in Malaysia using Holt-Winters’ Exponential Smoothing, SARIMA and FB Prophet

Choong Hor Yin, Kamil Khalid

572-580
- PDF 5
- Abstract View 4
Multinomial Logistic Regression for Diabetes Prediction using LASSO and Elastic Net Regularization

Tai Wei Hong, Khuneswari P Gopal Pillay

581-891
- PDF 3
- Abstract View 9
A Statistical Comparison of Cancer Mortality Rates Between Developed and Developing Countries

Nur Syameerah Hanani Mohd Kamaruzaman, Mohd Saifullah Rusiman

592-602
- PDF 4
- Abstract View 8
Analysis on Students’ Perspective Toward Academic, Career Aspirations and Destinations After SPM in Muar, Johor

Nik Mufidah Hasanah Nik Izan, Siti Noor Asyikin Mohd Razali

603-612
- PDF 5
- Abstract View 8
Assessing Flood Factors through Comparative Analysis of Machine Learning Techniques

Ong Jun Xian, Azme Khamis

613-621
- PDF 6
- Abstract View 6

Physic

Design and Development of Smart Irrigation System in Paddy Field

Muhammad Sahimi Othman, Afishah Alias

622-627
- PDF 5
- Abstract View 6
Design and Implementation of a Cryptographic Framework for Secure Communication Using Audio Steganography in Digital Music

Rachel Liew Ruo En, Afishah Alias

628-637
- PDF 11
- Abstract View 9
Development of a Skyglow Investigation System for Simulated Urban Environment

Yuvaneshwaran Srinivasan, Afishah Alias

638-646
- PDF 7
- Abstract View 4
Sensitivity Analysis of AuNP-Functionalized D-Shaped Optical Fiber SPR Sensor Using Agricultural Media

Muhammad Zelmy Hatim Mazlan, Noor Azura Awang

647-652
- PDF 8
- Abstract View 4
Detection of Milk Spoilage Using Au D-Shaped Fiber Sensor based on Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance

Farzana Nazurah Rosli, Noor Azura Awang

653-658
- PDF 4
- Abstract View 4
Differentiation of Imported and Local Rice using Terahertz Time-Domain Spectroscopy (THz-TDS)

Siti Norsyafiqah, Noor Azura Awang

659-665
- PDF 4
- Abstract View 8
Modelling of Tritium Breeding For Fusion Blanket Using Geant 4

Nul Alya Aqilah Mahamad Zaidi, Ahmad Hassan Sallehudin Mohd Sarif

666-674
- PDF 11
- Abstract View 7
Design and Integration of Electronic Pressure Sensor for Stroke Patient

Nur Elmira Zalia Zulhibabullah, Ahmad Hadi Ali

675-681
- PDF 11
- Abstract View 7
Characterization of Sputter Deposited Molybdenum Thin Film on PET for Wearable Health Sensor

Ji Xuan Nga, Ahmad Hadi Ali

682-689
- PDF 4
- Abstract View 3
Sputter Deposition of Silver Thin Films on Pet and Laser Annealing for Flexible Strain Sensor

Trisson Cheong Kok Ming, Ahmad Hadi Ali

690-697
- PDF 6
- Abstract View 8
Characterization of Nickel Thin Films as Strain Sensors for Wearable Health Monitoring System

Nur Khairunnisa Amrang, Ahmad Hadi Ali

698-708
- PDF 5
- Abstract View 5

Biodiversity

Ectoparasite Investigation on Bats in Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Johor

Fatin Nursyamimi Mohd Rasli, Arney Sapaat

709-716
- PDF 6
- Abstract View 11
Assessment on Skeleton Preservation Preparation Techniques of Rats

Haifa Hazwani Habir, Arney Sapaat

717-724
- PDF 6
- Abstract View 9
Distribution of Non Volant Small Mammals in Different Landscape in Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Johor

Hani Fasihah Mohd Shaifuddin, Arney Sapaat

725-732
- PDF 10
- Abstract View 12
Ectoparasites Investigation on Non-Volant Small Mammals in Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Johor

Juliana Joshua, Arney Sapaat

733-741
- PDF 7
- Abstract View 12
Evaluating the Influence of Water Quality on Macroinvertebrate Diversity Using Bioindicator Analysis

Nurul Shahiera Atieka Yunus, Furzani Pa'ee, Hurulain Silmina Hamdi

742-747
- PDF 5
- Abstract View 3
Comparative Study of Heavy Metal Uptake by Invasive Plant in Two Aquatic Environment

Hurulain Silmina Hamdi, Furzani Pa'ee, Haiqal Hazwan Mohd Hanafi, Muhammad Amirullah Mohd Rosli

748-754
- PDF 3
- Abstract View 4

Chemistry

Differential Scanning Calorimetry and Fourier Transform Infrared Analyses of Filled Polymer Pellets

Nazim Basir Nawi, Saliza Asman

1-6
- PDF 14
- Abstract View 17
Thermal and Functional Group Analyses of Potato Starch and Corn Starch Biopolymer Film

Mohamad Syahrul Kabir, Saliza Asman

7-13
- PDF 5
- Abstract View 21
UV-Induced Degradation Behaviour of HDPE, PET and NBR Films: An FTIR Analysis

Zuhayra Mohd Zulfikar, Saliza Asman

14-21
- PDF 13
- Abstract View 37
Surface and Cross-Sectional Morphology of Wood Plastic Composite Using Scanning Electron Microscopy

Muhammad Hazim Kamaruzaman, Saliza Asman

22-29
- PDF 6
- Abstract View 18
Comparative Study on the Surface Morphology and Structural Degradation of Bio-based Polylactic Acid and Conventional High-Density Polyethylene

Nur Insyirah Rosli, Saliza Asman

30-38
- PDF 9
- Abstract View 20
Thermal Degradation and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy Characterization of Polypropylene under Multiple Mechanical Recycling Cycles

Siti Hajar Zakaria, Saliza Asman

39-49
- PDF 14
- Abstract View 36

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